土壤重金属污染中背景含量与污染叠加含量的区分

以南京铁合金厂土壤Cr污染为例，讨论了土壤重金属污染研究中区分背景含量与污染叠加含量的方法。结果表明，运用Hazen概率格纸作图区分背景含量和污染叠加含量在土壤污染研究中是可行的，所得参数的环境意义是明确的，与实际情况是符合的。     

浸胶废水的工艺改造

浸胶废水由于含有天然胶、丁吡胶等有机物质,ρ(CODCr)为6000mg·L-1,ρ(SS)为3000mg·L-1,经过技术改造,更改工艺,采用粉煤灰作絮凝剂,降低了运行成本,ρ(CODCr)降至123mg·L-1,ρ(SS)降至59mg·L-1,达到“增产不增污”的效果。     

天水地区新近纪沉积物地球化学特征及其意义

通过对天水盆地新近纪沉积物地化特征的研究表明:(1)天水盆地下山剖面泥岩富MgO、CaO、Nb、Sr、Th,贫SiO2、Al2O3、Ba、Cr、Ni、Rb,高Al2O3/TiO2、Cr/Zr、Cr/Th、Th/Sc,结合盆地的平面展布特征和地层厚度变化规律及沉积相的横向变化,初步认为盆地南区西秦岭北缘各时代花岗闪长岩和偏中性岩主要控制着该区的沉积物地球化学组成,而古秦岭洋闭合期蛇绿岩套中的基性-超基性岩有很大的影响,其结果是它们高度混合的物质给盆地提供物源,泥岩样品中K2O的含量随时间增长而增高,说明物源区在溯源侵蚀的过程中富钾值岩大量出现;(2)CIA和ICV值指示天水盆地碎屑沉积物的物源区古风化程度较强,沉积物成熟度较低,源区沉积再循环的物质很少或几乎不存在,在上新世到更新世之间存在化学风化作用减弱的趋势;(3)天水盆地从西秦岭山麓到华家岭地层沉积厚度越来越薄,从湖相逐渐过渡为湖泛平原相,结合主、微量元素构造判别图解,认为下山剖面沉积物是在压扭作用下的山前凹陷盆地构造环境中形成。     

构造环境对幔源岩中稀有气体同位素比值的制约

稀有气体是地球化学研究中有效的物源示踪剂。在广泛收集资料的基础上,通过对He、Ne、Ar同位素数据的统计分析,总结、对比了不同构造环境幔源物质中轻稀有气体同位素的组成特征。统计表明,大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)中3He/4He=7 0～10 0Ra者约占统计样品的90%;洋岛幔源物质(OIB)的3He/4He值变化范围大,但>10 0Ra者占65%;消减带幔源岩的3He/4He值总体略低于MORB;大陆幔源岩的3He/4He值主要变化于6 0～10 0Ra间,但环太平洋大陆边缘低于MORB者普遍;大陆热点地幔流体具有类似OIB的3He/4He值分布特征。MORB与OIB的40Ar/36Ar值分布范围类似(主要范围为296～12000),但低于1000者在MORB中仅24 5%,而在OIB中约43 4%;板块俯冲区幔源岩的40Ar/36Ar值总体较低,<1000者约占67%;大陆各类地幔流体的40Ar/36Ar值普遍偏低,主要在4000以下。大陆、大洋幔源岩中20Ne/22Ne值主要介于9 8～12 5间,但<9 8者在各大陆地幔普遍存在。幔源物质的上述组成特征与大气、地壳等源区对其影响有关。我国东部幔源物质稀有气体同位素组成具有大气 地幔混合源区特征。     

利用回归方程对沼气发生量的预测

示了沼气发生量与污水二级处理量和污泥沉淀量存在有显著的线性关系，关建立了相应的二元线性回归方程，同时利用标准回归系数判定污泥沉淀量是影响沼气发生量的主要因素。     

湘东北燕山晚期花岗岩构造环境判别

在湘东北中生代多期陆内花岗岩浆活动中 ,燕山晚期花岗岩占有重要地位 ,燕山晚期大规模花岗岩侵入代表一种特殊的构造环境。本文通过湘东北主要燕山晚期花岗岩的岩石化学和微量元素来判别成岩构造环境 ,认为该期花岗岩属于富碱质的钙碱性花岗岩 ,为陆内拉张环境下的产物 ,进一步进行构造环境分类 ,判别其属于后造山PA型花岗岩 ,形成于造山作用后期的拉张环境 ,与陆内裂谷长期拉张的构造环境明显不同。在区域构造演化分析的基础上 ,提出湘东北燕山晚期花岗岩形成于印支—燕山早期陆内挤压 走滑剪切造山作用后期的构造松弛阶段拉张环境 ,燕山晚期PA型花岗岩的出现标志着陆内活化由挤压向拉张的构造转折 ,同时也反映湘东北的陆内活化至少经历了陆内挤压和陆内拉张两个演化阶段。     

浅析“H31”类目在《中图法》（第五版）中的变化

逐一对比《中图法》第四版与第五版的H31（英语）类目,全面概括第五版《中图法》英语类目修改情况,并解读其修改重点,旨在帮助读者深入理解《中图法》第五版英语类目的分类变化,指导其实际运用。     

比较风险评价在环境风险管理中的应用

在环境风险管理中,需要针对不同的管理目标进行评估与排序,实现有限资源供给下的风险管理效率最大化提升。作为环境风险优先管理中的一个重要内容,比较风险评价是针对不同类型环境问题进行评估与排序的方法,它可以从宏观尺度上有效识别出各类环境问题的风险大小顺序,并有针对性进行管理优先级的设置。本文在对国内外比较风险评价研究进行系统梳理的基础上,分析其对我国环境风险管理的意义,提出我国在开展环境问题的比较风险评价、建立与完善环境风险管理工作优先级等方面的建议。     

Priorities for global felid conservation

Conservation resources are limited, necessitating prioritization of species and locations for action. Most prioritization approaches are based solely on biologically relevant characteristics of taxa or areas and ignore geopolitical realities. Doing so risks a poor return on conservation investment due to nonbiological factors, such as economic or political instability. We considered felids, a taxon which attracts intense conservation attention, to demonstrate a new approach that incorporates both intrinsic species traits and geopolitical characteristics of countries. We developed conservation priority scores for wild felids based on their International Union for Conservation of Nature status, body mass, habitat, range within protected area, evolutionary distinctiveness, and conservation umbrella potential. We used published data on governance, economics and welfare, human population pressures, and conservation policy to assign conservation‐likelihood scores to 142 felid‐hosting countries. We identified 71 countries as high priorities (above median) for felid conservation. These countries collectively encompassed all 36 felid species and supported an average of 96% of each species’ range. Of these countries, 60.6% had below‐average conservation‐likelihood scores, which indicated these countries are relatively risky conservation investments. Governance was the most common factor limiting conservation likelihood. It was the major contributor to below‐median likelihood scores for 62.5% of the 32 felid species occurring in lower‐likelihood countries. Governance was followed by economics for which scores were below median for 25% of these species. An average of 58% of species’ ranges occurred in 43 higher‐priority lower‐likelihood countries. Human population pressure was second to governance as a limiting factor when accounting for percentage of species’ ranges in each country. As conservation likelihood decreases, it will be increasingly important to identify relevant geopolitical limitations and tailor conservation strategies accordingly. Our analysis provides an objective framework for biodiversity conservation action planning. Our results highlight not only which species most urgently require conservation action and which countries should be prioritized for such action, but also the diverse constraints which must be overcome to maximize long‐term success.     

Political transition and emergent forest‐conservation issues in Myanmar

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions.